Hello, my name is Donna Puleio Spadaro. Thank you for inviting me here to speak to you today about workplace fatalities. This subject has been of critical importance to me since my brother was killed on the job. I am grateful to have an opportunity to honor my brother’s life and share with you my experiences since his death through this forum.
I come to talk to you not as someone with a vast amount of experience in the intricacies of safety laws and guidelines, but to share with you my personal experience in dealing with OSHA and the knowledge I have gained in the past 2 years and 9 months since my brother was killed.
On 8/15/01, my brother , Gary Puleio, fell 20 feet to his death from a concrete tower at Meadville Redi-Mix , where he had been employed only three months as a truck driver. He was up on the tower alone, not wearing any safety equipment, performing a job outside of the scope of his truck driving responsibilities. He had told his wife the day before he died that he had to go up and shovel gravel off the hopper at the end of his driving shift.
Redi-Mix’s operation manager was quoted in the Meadville Tribune (11/15/01) that Gary “took it upon himself” to go up to the tower alone and that the reason Gary died was a “mystery” to him. T he West Mead Township police report of the accident noted that the OSHA compliance officer requested a copy of their report because there were discrepancies between what Redi-Mix told him and what the police were told.
To further explore this “mystery” and these discrepancies and to inquire about attending an “informal conference” concerning this case that was noted in the OSHA citation to Redi-Mix, I wrote to John Stranahan, Erie Area OSHA Director on 10/11/01 and again on 10/28/01. Although he never answered my letters and never informed me of the scheduling of the conference, he quickly and callously dismissed my concerns about the discrepancies as “minor” in the Meadville Tribune (11/15/01) .
OSHA claimed it could not determine if, as a new employee, Gary was assigned the unpleasant “scut work” task of cleaning the tower at the end of his driving shift or if
he just “wandered up there on his own” as implausibly claimed by Redi-Mix. It seemed OSHA just perfunctorily accepted the egregious claims of an individual who would have financial incentive to minimize any wrongdoing. This evidently served as an excuse for the lack of safety equipment and supervision.
Therefore, the company was cited for repeat violations for not posting danger signs at a confined space and not implementing measures to prevent unauthorized entry. After admitting no wrongdoing , Redi-Mix paid a $6000 fine.
Under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) , I did obtain the “releasable” files on this case. OSHA did not release the records in their entirety, citing exemptions to protect confidential sources from “ discrimination and retaliation.” I can certainly appreciate the consequences workers might face if they disagreed with management about the “mysterious” nature of Gary’s death. These “releasable files” contained information that I believe refuted Redi-Mix’s claim that Gary “ wandered up there on his own” The records showed that drivers, including my brother, were sent to shovel gravel off the cement tower.
In a letter, dated 11/01, from Richard Soltan, Regional OSHA Director, that accompanied these “releasable” records, there was NO mention of how to get a case reviewed when the conclusions are inaccurate and unsatisfactory. Soltan stated I had a right to appeal the FOIA denial so I pursued that approach as a first step to get this case reevaluated.
In 1/02, I received a letter from Bruce Cohen, Deputy Associate Solicitor for Legislation and Legal Counsel, stating that the number of appeals was “very substantial” and that it may take a long time.
My appeal to obtain the complete records was denied by Robert Shapiro, the Associate Solicitor for Legislation and Legal Counsel of the US Department of Labor. In a letter of 4/02, he did state that a review of the substantive issues would be performed by a Richard Fairfax, Director of Enforcement Programs.
In September, I received a letter, sent FIVE MONTHS after Fairfax was asked to review this case by Shapiro and 13 months after my brother was killed. He stated that no additional action can be taken because the OSH Act requires that any citations or penalties must be issued within 6 months of the “alleged violation”. I wrote to Mr Fairfax and asked , retrospectively, how I could have gotten this case reviewed in a more timely manner and in light of this 6 month cut off if it was typical to have a FIVE month delay in responding to a request for a review. Almost 2 years have gone by since I sent that letter, so I am not expecting an answer.
Thus even with extreme diligence, I had no way of effectively challenging the fatuous conclusions that misstated the problem.
Later, I discovered that one could do an “establishment search” on the OSHA website. I discovered that Meadville Redi-Mix had undergone an OSHA inspection on 4/23/01. On 6/25/01, as a consequence of this investigation, 7 “serious” and 7 “other than serious” violations were issued. On July 18, 2001, less than 1 month before my brother was killed, the 2 “serious” violations that were cited as “repeats” when my brother was killed were settled informally by abatement. One for a mere $1300 fine (negotiated down from 3000) and the other for no monetary amount.
In contrast, the “alleged violators” seem to be quite skillful at negotiating with OSHA to get penalties reduced. While I was going through all this, I was outraged to read that 2 of the OSHA citations in the death of Paul Corsi at the convention center truss collapse of 2002 were reclassified as “other than serious” and one dropped completely resulting in a reduction of fines to the Dick Corporation to a paltry $12,000.
This seemed particularly inappropriate to me since Allegheny County Coroner Cyril Wecht had just recommended that the Dick Corporation be charged with involuntary manslaughter for “mistakes that more than rise to the level of recklessness and grossly negligent conduct.” It was at this time that DA Zappalla was to begin an investigation based on Dr. Wecht’s recommendation.
I became very interested in the Corsi case because certainly the conclusions of Dr. Wecht differed greatly from those of OSHA. While OSHA was able to stall me and dismiss my concerns as due to inexperience or emotional distress, that couldn’t be done to Dr. Wecht. Ultimately through Zappalla’s investigation, I thought I would find out first hand what happens when OSHA conclusions are reputed. Paul Corsi’s death would not be swept under the rug like that of my brother Gary.
In Jan/03 near the anniversary of Paul Corsi’s death, I wrote a letter to the editor of the PG asking about the status of the Zappalla investigation. It was not published. I sent a copy of the letter to Pat Corsi, the mother of Paul Corsi and to Dr. Wecht to show them that there are people who care about worker safety and justice despite the seeming indifference of the PG. Dr. Wecht wrote back stating my letter was “ well- written, factually correct and should have been published”.
I sent a copy to Zappalla who replied that these matters take “considerable time for review”. That may indeed be true but it would appear that it took an appallingly brief period of time to allow the Dick Corporation to “negotiate” the fines in this case down. And in contrast to the seemingly unlimited time Zappalla has to prepare his inquiry, is the limited access and time constraints families face when they attempt to challenge OSHA conclusions. Recall I was told that no further action could be taken in my brother’s case because the OSH act requires that any citations and penalties must be issued within 6 months of the “alleged violation”.
Finally, in Sept 2003, 18 months after the truss collapse, Zappala chose not to file criminal charges and in fact blamed the iron workers themselves for the accident. He egregiously concluded that since the cost involved to rectify the mistake of incorrect nut usage would have been negligible, this ‘proved’ there was no evidence that the Dick Corporation was trying to save money or time by their actions and this then evidently excused them from any criminal responsibility.
The Corsi case, like my brother’s, illustrates the vast discrepancies that exist between workers access to OSHA and that of corporations. Corporations routinely “negotiate” with OSHA to downgrade fines through this process called “abatement” This process combined with inadequate workers’ compensation laws make it impossible to hold negligent employers criminally and civilly liable.
OSHA fines are not issued as punishment and no amount of money can ever compensate for the loss of life. These were the tired clichéd excuses OSHA gave our family to justify the paltry slap on the wrist fine issued for my brother’s death. However the issuance of trivial fines and citations results in no accountability nor any acknowledgement of responsibility on the part of the offending company.
Consider these appalling facts summarized from a series of articles published in the NYT by David Barstow.
In the past 20 years, 170,000 workplace fatalities occurred but only about 1700 were considered by OSHA to be due to the “willful” violation of safety laws. Without a “willful” designation it is difficult for prosecutors to make a case that an employer was criminally liable and civil suits pursued by families are not likely to succeed.
The percentage of cases being downgraded from “willful” to less serious violations has been rising steadily. In 2001, the year my brother was killed, 60 percent of all cases were downgraded.
Of the mere 1700 “willful’ cases out of 170,000 fatalities in the past 20 years, only 196 were referred to prosecutors. In these 20 years there were only 81 convictions and only 16 carried jail sentences.
It is a MISDEMEANOR to kill a worker by willfully violating safety laws. The maximum sentence is 6 months in jail.
I have come to realize that my brother’s death was not just an isolated case of “bad luck”. The statistics I just cited amount to something quite worse—a litany of employer indifference coupled with the inaction and timidity of OSHA.
Here is the scope of the problem—in 2002, 4.7 million workers were injured, 5500 were killed and an estimated 50,000 died from occupational diseases. On an average day, 150 workers lose their lives as a result of workplace injuries and diseases and another 12,00 are injured.
OSHA does not have the funding or staff to adequately oversee the safety of the 100 million workers under its jurisdiction. OSHA’s current budget of $475 million amounts to about $4 dollars per worker. Federal OSHA has only about 900 safety inspectors and can only inspect workplaces on average once every 100 years.
To put this in perspective, the cost of war in Iraq will approach 174 BILLION if Congress appropriates the 25 BILLION requested by the White House.
The Bush administration has done nothing to correct the under funding and understaffing of OSHA. In fact it has aggressively taken actions to worsen it.
In March of 2001 Bush killed the nation’s first standard addressing repetitive stress injuries which over 1,8 million workers are subject to each year.
After the Sept 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, Bush pressured the EPA to tone down potential health hazards like exposure to asbestos and smoke resulting from the collapse. In August 2002 Bush then refused to release funds Congress approved to monitor the health of workers who cleaned up at Ground Zero as well as for use in improving the communications systems for police, firefighters and EMS.
In 2002 Bush formed a national advisory committee on ergonomics. This committee did NOT contain an equal number of union and management representatives. It was stacked 7 to 2. The Bush administration also has formed “alliances” in specific industries like meatpacking, airlines, printing and others to study workplace safety and NONE include union or workers’ representatives. As the Corsi case and my brother’s case illustrate, industry already has far more access to OSHA than workers and their families even without the existence of these management stacked “alliances”.
In May 2003, Bush withdrew a proposed rule that would have established workplace exposure to tuberculosis. The proposed rule would have required airborne disease control measures based on the recommendations of the CDC and the World Health Organization.
The Bush administration has killed dozens of worker protection measures including rules on cancer causing substances and reactive chemicals The Bush administration has even refused to issue a rule requiring employers to pay for personal protective equipment, particularly important for immigrant and low wage workers.
If all this weren’t bad enough, House Republicans just passed bills that will further weaken OSHA.
HR2728, Contesting Citations, would extend the time period allowed to challenge a citation by employers. Recall I was told by OSHA that no further action could be taken in my brother’s case because all citation and penalties must be issued within 6 months of the “alleged violation” as they euphemistically called the neglectful killing of an inexperienced worker.
HR 2731, Attorney Fees, which would require OSHA to pay ALL court cost when it loses a case against small business. Business associations already have far more money to spend on appeals than OSHA has to defend them so this stacks the deck even farther.
HR 2729 and 2730 would expand the OSHRC and allow its decisions to trump those of OSHA itself.
Fortunately there are efforts to strengthen workers’ safety. Last year Senator Jon Corzine(D-NJ) and his house counter part Representative Major Owens(D-NY) introduced S. 1272, The “Wrongful Death Accountability Act” that would increase the criminal penalty for willfully violating workplace safety and causing the death of a worker from the current one of 6 months to 10 years, changing it from a misdemeanor to a felony.
Senator Kennedy recently pledged support for this legislation as well. On May 12, 2004 Congressman Owens held a hearing that highlighted witnesses stories. One of the witnesses was Holly Shaw, a young widow and teacher from Philadelphia who I have been privileged to get to know through phone and email exchanges this past year. She shared with me her testimony and it is now posted on the “Confined Spaces” website.
It is more eloquent and moving than anything I can say to you today. Let me share with you her conclusion:
According to the fines OSHA levied on Scott's company, Scott's life was worth $4,950.00. The company owner was not prosecuted. If he had been charged criminally, he would have been convicted of a misdemeanor. That's it. Not a felony. He could walk away, and live his life. My husband didn't walk away. Scott left behind a wife, three sons (two sons from our marriage, and one from a previous marriage)., two sisters, one brother, a mother, and many family members and friends who loved him tremendously.A bill is being introduced that will raise the fines that OSHA can levy against a company, when there is an accident. The company can be criminally prosecuted, and can be convicted of a felony. I believe it is imperative that a message is sent that a worker's life is worth more than a couple of dollars. Companies that do not practice safety precautions should be convicted, and sent to prison. They must be punished.As a teacher and as a parent, I know that it is important that a child understand there are consequences to their actions, and they must accept responsibility for what they have done. Adults must face their responsibility, and must be held accountable for their actions. Please, don't let another family suffer as we have. The more that companies are actually punished, the more they realize they must practice workplace safety, and must protect their workers.
Thank you for allowing me to remember my brother Gary today. I can never forget the terrible circumstances surrounding his death nor the insulting story told by Redi-Mix about how he just “wandered up there on his own”. But what stands out most painfully, is the inadequacy of the regulatory system designed to protect workers and the injustices of the current system. I will close with the words of Dr. Martin Luther King: “in the end we will remember not the words of our enemies but the silence of our friends.”
Thank you
Donna Puleio Spadaro, MD